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The Temple Mount, known in Hebrew as Har HaBáyit () or as Har HaMōriyā () and in Arabic as the Haram al-Sharif (, al-ḥaram al-qudsī ash-šarīf), the Noble Sanctuary, is one of the most important religious sites in the Old City of Jerusalem. It has been used as a religious site for thousands of years. […]

Jerusalem (; ; ), located on a plateau in the Judean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Israelis and Palestinians both claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary […]

The Book of Numbers (from Greek Ἀριθμοί, Arithmoi; , Bəmidbar, “In the desert [of]”) is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah. Numbers begins at Mount Sinai, where the Israelites have received their laws and covenant from God and God has taken up residence among […]

The Book of Exodus or, simply, Exodus (from Greek ἔξοδος, exodos, meaning “going out”; , Sh’mot, “Names”), is the second book of the Torah and the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament). The book tells how the Israelites leave slavery in Egypt through the strength of Yahweh, the God who has chosen Israel as his people. […]

The Book of Genesis (from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek γένεσις, meaning “origin”; , Bərēšīṯ, “In [the] beginning”) is the first book of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament. The basic narrative expresses the central theme: God creates the world (along with creating the first man […]

The Book of Leviticus (; from Greek Λευιτικός, Leuitikos, meaning “relating to the Levites”) is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, and the third of five books of the Torah (or Pentateuch). Its Hebrew name, , Vayikra/Wayikra, comes from its first word, “And He called.” The English name is from the Latin Leviticus, taken […]

The Book of Deuteronomy (from Greek Δευτερονόμιον, Deuteronomion, “second law”; , Devarim, “[spoken] words”) is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible, and of the Jewish Torah. The Hebrew title is taken from the opening phrase Eleh ha-devarim, “These are the words…”; the English title is from a Greek mis-translation of the Hebrew phrase mishneh […]

Mount Zion (, Har Tsiyyon; , Jabel Sahyoun) is a hill in Jerusalem just outside the walls of the Old City. Mount Zion has been historically associated with the Temple Mount. The term is also used for the entire Land of Israel.

The Acts of the Apostles, also called Acts, is the English name for the fifth book of the New Testament. Many New Testament scholars believe it shares the same author as the Gospel of Luke and that the two books were in circulation together by the end of the first century C.E.

The Epistle to the Romans, often shortened to Romans, is the sixth book in the New Testament. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by the Apostle Paul to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of Jesus Christ. It is the longest of the Pauline epistles and is considered his "most important theological legacy".

Arnold Fruchtenbaum is a Messianic Jewish theologian and the founder of Ariel Ministries. He is noteworthy for espousing theological dispensationalism, which is a minority position in the wider Messianic Jewish movement.

Unity Theology is a teaching described in Bock and Glaser’s 2008 book, To the Jew First, which argues that the phrase “all Israel” in Romans 11:26 refers to a united entity of both Jews and Gentiles.

Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history.

Evangelicalism is a segment of Christian Protestantism with historic roots in the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century. Evangelicals are distinguished by their emphasis on: (1) the centrality and sufficiency of the Scriptures apart from institutional authorities, (2) the importance of having a personal relationship with God, (3) the mandate to share one’s faith and proclaim the gospel to all people, and (4) the work of the Holy Spirit to convict one of sin and bring about a decisive moment of “conversion” in one’s life. The word “evangelical” stems from the Greek euangelion, which means “gospel” or “good news.”

The word sonderweg is a compound German word that can be translated into English as “another way” or “a special way.” It was first used by the German theologian Franz Mussner to describe the special way God will save the Jewish people according to Romans 11:26.

According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah, also called the Oral Law, is a separate collection of instructions that God gave Moses alongside the written laws of the Torah. These instructions and traditions have been preserved from generation to generation through careful oral transmission.

Dispensationalism is a Christian theology that divides human history into periods called “dispensations.” A distinguishing tenant of dispensationalism is its strong distinction between the covenants God made with Israel and the covenants God made with the Church. In this framework, Israel and the Church are two separate entities, and they both exist on two separate timetables in the overarching plan of God.

Social movements are a type of group action. They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific political or social issues. In other words, they carry out, resist or undo a social change. Modern Western social movements became possible through education (the wider dissemination of literature), and increased mobility of […]