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The Pauline Epistles are the thirteen letters found in the New Testament that bear the name of the Apostle Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. Sometimes the book of Hebrews is included in the list of Pauline Epistles, making fourteen the total number, but the authorship of Hebrews is disputed because it does not explicitly bear Paul’s name.
Founded in 1979, the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC) was formed to help establish and grow Messianic Jewish congregations around the world.
Irenaeus of Lyon was the bishop of the Church of Lyon in southern France during the second century C.E. One of his most significant works, Against Heresies, was influential in the development of early Christian theology.
The Messianic Jewish Alliance of America is the largest organization representing the Messianic Jewish community in the world. Founded in 1915 as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America, the alliance changed its name in 1975 to the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America.
Shavuot is the Hebrew name for the Feast of Weeks, also known as Pentecost in the Christian tradition.
The Talmud, also called the “Oral Law,” is a collection of Jewish texts compiled sometime between the fifth and sixth centuries C.E. It consists of two primary parts: (1) the Mishnah, which is an early codification of Jewish oral laws supplementing the laws found in the Torah, and (2) the Gemara, which is a rabbinic commentary on the Mishnah. Within Judaism, it is believed that the Mishnah preserves certain traditions and halakhic rulings that date back to at least the time of Ezra (fifth century B.C.E.).
The Apology of Aristides is a document written in the second century C.E. by an early Athenian Christian writer named Aristides. It is considered one of the earliest sources for what is called “third race” theology.
John Chrysostom was the archbishop of Constantinople at the end of the fourth century C.E. He produced a series of sermons titled Against the Jews that were strongly antisemitic and were quoted by the Nazi Party centuries later.
Christianity (from the Ancient Greek word Χριστός, Christos, a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning “the anointed one”, together with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas) is an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and oral teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world’s largest religion, […]
Marcion of Sinope was a Christian theologian during the second century C.E. who was deemed a heretic for teaching that the God of the New Testament is different than the God of the Old Testament.
The Pharisees were an influential religious sect within Judaism in the time of Christ and the early church. They were known for their emphasis on personal piety (the word Pharisee comes from a Hebrew word meaning “separated”), their acceptance of oral tradition in addition to the written Law, and their teaching that all Jews should observe all 600-plus laws in the Torah, including the rituals concerning ceremonial purification.
First discovered in 1946 by a Bedouin shepherd, the Dead Sea Scrolls are a collection of ancient documents and parchment fragments found in the Qumran caves on the coast of the Dead Sea in Israel. Since the scrolls date from the third to first century B.C.E., they provide a unique snapshot of the religious landscape of Early Judaism and help to verify the accurate transmission of the Old Testament Scriptures.
Moses was the man chosen by God to lead the Hebrew people out of the Egyptian bondage, to preside over the Sinai ceremony constituting those people as the people of God, and to lead the Hebrew people to the promised land.
The Sadducees were a Jewish aristocratic sec generally supportive of the political status quo in Palestine.
Israel is a country on the southeastern side of the Mediterranean Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip on the east and southwest, respectively, and Egypt and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south. Israel is the primary setting of the Bible.
Zionism is a social movement focused on the Jewish return to the historic land of Israel. Christian Zionism is a uniquely Christian approach to Zionism that often focuses on biblical and theological proofs for the legitimacy of Jewish settlement in the Land.
One Law theology involves the claim that Gentiles are commanded by God to observe the Torah in the same way as the Jewish people. A key verse used by proponents of One Law theology is Numbers 15:16, “There will be one law for you and for the foreigner who resides with you.”
The Sermon on the Mount is found in Matthew 5–7 and is the longest and most extensive teaching of Jesus found in the New Testament. As such, the Sermon on the Mount plays a fundamental role in the Christian understanding of ethics and ethical formation.
The Second Temple is the name for the Jewish temple that stood atop Mount Zion in Jerusalem from the sixth century B.C.E. until its destruction by the Romans in 70 C.E. It was built in place of the First Temple, also called Solomon’s Temple, which lasted from the reign of Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to its destruction by the Babylonians in 586 B.C.E. As proscribed in the Torah, the Temple served as the cultural and religious center of life in ancient Israel.
Justin Martyr was a Christian apologist in the second century C.E. who is well-known for his work entitled, A Dialogue with Trypho, in which the concept of the Church being “the new spiritual Israel” first occurs.
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